Alkaline Phosphatases: Biochemistry, Functions, and Measurement

Alkaline phosphatases (ALPs) are a group of isoenzymes, situated on the external layer of the cell membrane; they catalyze the hydrolysis of organic phosphate esters present in the extracellular space. Zinc and magnesium are significant co-factors for the biological activity of these enzymes. Although ALPs are available in various body tissues and have distinct physiochemical properties, they are true isoenzymes since they catalyze a similar reaction. In the liver, ALP is cytosolic and present in the canalicular membrane of the hepatocytes. ALPs are available in placenta, ileal mucosa, kidney, bone, and liver. However, most of the ALPs in serum (over 80%) are delivered from liver and bone and in more modest quantities from the intestines. Despite the fact that alkaline phosphatases are found in numerous tissues all through the body, their exact physiological function remains largely unknown.

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Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase as a Biomarker of Bone Remodeling

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Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase as a Biomarker of Bone Remodeling

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A Method for Direct Assessment of Tissue-Nonspecific Alkaline Phosphatase (TNAP) Inhibitors in Blood Samples

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Abbreviations

Germ cell alkaline phosphatase

Bone isoform of TNSALP

Liver isoform of TNSALP

High-performance liquid chromatography

Fibroblast growth factor 23

Autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets

Vitamin D-resistant rickets

Glomerular filtration rate

Bone turnover markers

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  1. Clinical Biochemistry Department, KAT General Hospital, Kifissia, Athens, Greece Konstantinos Makris
  2. Laboratory for the Research of Musculoskeletal System “Th. Garofalidis”, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, Athens, Greece Konstantinos Makris
  3. 6th Orthopedic Department, KAT General Hospital, Kifissia, Athens, Greece Chagigia Mousa
  4. Department of Clinical Chemistry, CIRM, University of Liege, CHU de Liège, CHU Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liège, Belgium Etienne Cavalier
  1. Konstantinos Makris
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Makris, K., Mousa, C. & Cavalier, E. Alkaline Phosphatases: Biochemistry, Functions, and Measurement. Calcif Tissue Int 112, 233–242 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-022-01048-x

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